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It is still used in some areas.Īdditional resources: Russian Multiplication at Wolfram Mathworld, Egyptian Multiplication at Wolfram Demonstrations Project, and Egyptian Multiplication at Cut The Knot. This method may be called mediation and duplation, where mediation means halving one number and duplation means doubling the other number. It decomposes one of the multiplicands (preferably the smaller) into a sum of powers of two and creates a table of doublings of the second multiplicand. In mathematics, ancient Egyptian multiplication (also known as Egyptian multiplication, Ethiopian multiplication, Russian multiplication, or peasant multiplication), one of two multiplication methods used by scribes, was a systematic method for multiplying two numbers that does not require the multiplication table, only the ability to multiply and divide by 2, and to add. 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This difference is due to the difference in the masses of the two objects.Īccording to Newton's third law of motion, to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. The effect of a force of around 15 Newton on football will be much more significant as compared to the impact of the same force applied to move a car. The body with less mass accelerates more. Conversely, if the net force is 0, the body doesn't accelerate.Īccording to the second law of motion, if force is applied to two different objects of different masses, different accelerations (change in motion) are produced. If the net force acting on a body is positive, the body gets accelerated. Where ‘F’ is the applied force, and ‘a’ is the acceleration produced, and m is the mass of the object Newton's second law of motion is one of the most important laws of classical physics.įor a body of constant mass m, Newton's law formula is given as, When force is applied to a body, it can either change its momentum or its velocity or both. To speak, momentum is a vector quantity having both velocity and magnitude. The momentum of a body is equivalent to the product of its mass and velocity. Newton's second law gives a quantitative description of force. If a body is moving in a particular direction, it will keep moving in that direction, until an external force is applied to stop it. ![]() The state of motion or rest cannot be changed without applying force. Galileo deduced that a body can't change its state unless acted by force (like friction). Before Galileo, it was believed that a force is required to keep a body moving. Later on, it was generalized to René Descartes. Galileo Galilei first formulated the law of inertia for the horizontal motion of planet Earth. This property of a body unable to change its state is called Inertia. Newton’s third law - According to Newton's third law of motion, to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. ![]() Newton’s second law - Newton's 2nd law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force applied on it, and the momentum occurs in the direction of the net applied force. Newton’s first law - Newton's first law of motion states that, if a body is in the state of rest or is moving with a constant speed in a straight line, then the body will remain in the state of rest or keep moving in the straight line, unless and until it is acted upon by an external force. Sir Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion in the year 1686 in his book ‘Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis’. 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To settle this issue, we designed an Efficient Bus Signal Transmission (EBST, Section 4) mechanism to convert wireless gateway signals into Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus signals for sensor control with high efficiency. Transmitting the full information of bus signals will bring a huge load on wireless communication and ultimately become obstacles to the efficient sensor reading. However, a complete bus interface contains multiple signal lines with strict timing. Specifically, the possible approach might be to utilize the gateway to directly control sensors on LSNs via wireless signals, where the LSN converts the received wireless signal into bus signals for sensor control. However, as the MCU is removed for ULP design, it is hard for an LSN to provide required bus signals to access on-board sensors efficiently. For analog sensors, an analog-to-digital conversion unit can be added to the circuit in practical applications.) for interactions, which were once accessed by the MCU with running embedded programs. Specifically, most digital sensors utilize computer bus interfaces (In the initial state, we consider controlling digital sensors via digital bus interfaces. In addition, Butterfly nodes have natural security advantages (e.g., anti-capture) as they offload the control function with all application information up to the gateway.įirst, it is non-trivial for an LSN to read sensors efficiently without a general MCU. The experiment results show that Butterfly can speed up the task rate by 4.91 times and reduce the power consumption of each node by 94.3%, compared to the benchmarks. Finally, we design a task prediction mechanism on the gateway to support efficient scheduling of concurrent tasks on multiple MCU-free Butterfly nodes. ![]() Furthermore, based on our investigation on typical sensing data structures, we present a novel last-bit transmission and packaging mechanism to reduce the data amount on the uplink. To start with, we buffer the frequently used instructions and data to minimize the volume of data transmitted on the downlink. ![]() On the other hand, we address three issues facing the optimization of task execution efficiency. On the one hand, to optimize the power consumption, Butterfly offloads the energy-intensive computational tasks from the nodes to the gateway with only microwatt-level power budget, thereby eliminating the power-consuming Microcontroller (MCU) from the node. In this paper, we propose an “edge-to-end integration” design paradigm, Butterfly, which assists sensor nodes to perform sensing tasks more efficiently with lower power consumption through their (high-performance) network infrastructures (i.e., a gateway). However, in the existing system framework, designers must make trade-offs between these two. The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) applications calls for light-weight IoT sensor nodes with both low-power consumption and excellent task execution efficiency. ![]() |
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