Compared with the previous work, this mechanism achieves four times higher transmission efficiency. To settle this issue, we designed an Efficient Bus Signal Transmission (EBST, Section 4) mechanism to convert wireless gateway signals into Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus signals for sensor control with high efficiency. Transmitting the full information of bus signals will bring a huge load on wireless communication and ultimately become obstacles to the efficient sensor reading. However, a complete bus interface contains multiple signal lines with strict timing. Specifically, the possible approach might be to utilize the gateway to directly control sensors on LSNs via wireless signals, where the LSN converts the received wireless signal into bus signals for sensor control. However, as the MCU is removed for ULP design, it is hard for an LSN to provide required bus signals to access on-board sensors efficiently. For analog sensors, an analog-to-digital conversion unit can be added to the circuit in practical applications.) for interactions, which were once accessed by the MCU with running embedded programs. Specifically, most digital sensors utilize computer bus interfaces (In the initial state, we consider controlling digital sensors via digital bus interfaces. In addition, Butterfly nodes have natural security advantages (e.g., anti-capture) as they offload the control function with all application information up to the gateway.įirst, it is non-trivial for an LSN to read sensors efficiently without a general MCU. The experiment results show that Butterfly can speed up the task rate by 4.91 times and reduce the power consumption of each node by 94.3%, compared to the benchmarks. Finally, we design a task prediction mechanism on the gateway to support efficient scheduling of concurrent tasks on multiple MCU-free Butterfly nodes. Furthermore, based on our investigation on typical sensing data structures, we present a novel last-bit transmission and packaging mechanism to reduce the data amount on the uplink. To start with, we buffer the frequently used instructions and data to minimize the volume of data transmitted on the downlink. On the other hand, we address three issues facing the optimization of task execution efficiency. On the one hand, to optimize the power consumption, Butterfly offloads the energy-intensive computational tasks from the nodes to the gateway with only microwatt-level power budget, thereby eliminating the power-consuming Microcontroller (MCU) from the node. In this paper, we propose an “edge-to-end integration” design paradigm, Butterfly, which assists sensor nodes to perform sensing tasks more efficiently with lower power consumption through their (high-performance) network infrastructures (i.e., a gateway). However, in the existing system framework, designers must make trade-offs between these two. The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) applications calls for light-weight IoT sensor nodes with both low-power consumption and excellent task execution efficiency.
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